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The Basics   Constraint  something that keeps an entity in the system from moving freely For our purposes, we will treat each discreet entity as one particle in a system Particles can be doors on hinges, bones in a skeleton, points on a piece of cloth, etc.   #Box Constraints $Box Constraints (cont)Confine P to extents of the box Recover from violations in position (last valid, rebound, wrap around) Simple, yet the basis for the rest of this*Spring ConstraintsuSeems like a reasonable choice for soft body dynamics (cloth) In practice, not very useful Unstable, quickly explodes+Stiff ConstraintsA special spring case does work Ball and Stick/Tinkertoy Particles stay a fixed distance apart Basically an infinitely stiff spring Simple Not as prone to explode/ k,Cloth SimulationNUse stiff springs Solving constraints by relaxation Solve with a linear system-Cloth SimulationZ .Cloth SimulationForces on our cloth/Cloth SimulationRelaxation is simple Infinitely rigid springs are stable Predetermine Ci distance between particles Apply forces (once per timestep) Calculate D for two particles If D != 0, move each particle half the distance If n = 2, you re done!9 " 9 G),F3g\Relaxation MethodsZ ]Relaxation MethodsZ ^Relaxation MethodsZ _Relaxation MethodsZ `Relaxation MethodsZ aRelaxation MethodsZ 2Cloth SimulationWhen n > 2, each particle s movement influenced by multiple particles Satisfying one constraint can invalidate another Multiple iterations stabilize system converging to approximate constraints Forces applied before iterations Fixed timestep (critical)$  3More Cloth SimulationUse less rigid constraints Vary the constraints in each direction (i.e. horizontal stronger than vertical) Warp and weft constraints4Still More Cloth Simulation Sheer Springs5Still More Cloth Simulation Flex Springs;Using a Linear SystemdCan sum up forces and constraints Represent as system of linear equations Solve using matrix methods< Basic Stuff}Systems of linear equations Where: A = matrix of coefficients x = column vector of variables b = column vector of solutionsT~%= Basic StuffdPopulating matricies is a bit tricky, see [Boxerman] for a good example Isolating the ith equation:>IZZW > $ >Jacobi Iteration 3Solve for xi (assume other entries in x unchanged):(4 ( (?Jacobi Iteration In matrix form:@Jacobi Iteration JDefinition (diagonal, strictly lower, strictly upper): A = D - L - U@KZ (G!Lots More Math (not covered here)I highly recommend [Shewchuk 1994] Gauss-Seidel Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) Steepest Descent Conjugate Gradient Newton s Method (in some cases) Hessian Newton variants (Discreet, Quasi, Truncated)@-y0   zDynamic Destruction  Assigning material properties to rigid bodies Object break, bend, spindle and mutilate uniquely Similar principle to constrained dynamics ,Tools For DestructionL3D tessellation Creating constraints Material properties Offline processing 3D TessellationbUses entire volume of object Tessellate into tetrahedrons (3D version of creating a triangle mesh)c cCreating ConstraintsSpring connection between (non-rendered) vertices Particles displaced within spring limitations return to constrained position Particles that move further  break the constraint Split in center and form two new virtual vertices Dynamic Destruction  0Z Dynamic Destruction  0Z Dynamic Destruction  0Z Dynamic Destruction  0Z Dynamic Destruction  0Z Dynamic Destruction  0Z Dynamic Destruction  0Z /Material PropertiesAnalogous to tensile and compressive strength Additional properties add a more realistic effect Strain and strain rate tensors Elastic and plastic strain components Penalty methods on forces based on particle depth3 RetessellatingBreaking a solid object can result in creation of new surface polygon Pieces have to be retesselated and retextured New chunks are also new rigid bodies in the systemX BDynamic Destruction  CDemos: Destructo-Bunny Crash2 Pseudo Interactive, E3 Demo, May 2004D D2 ' 0 0Dynamic Destruction  Reckless destruction of tofu MSquishing StuffDynamic fracture is expensive Deformation can be cheaper Only allow squishing Modal analysis to create component pieces Nastiest processing can be done offlineNModal AnalysisWhat the heck is it? Looks more complicated than it really is Comes from material science/fatigue analysis Separates the vibrational characteristics of a material into discreet shapes (modes) Modes can be combined additively to create complex behavior y xIModal Analysis d = vector of positions K = function of elastic forces (e.g. spring-mass) C = takes velocities, returns dampening forces f = vector of external forces on the system (collisions, user input, etc.). M = takes accelerations ( ), returns required forcesc""c"""."c.""cN"c4"JModal Analysis-Assuming small displacements, linearize to: .. #  KZModal Analysis  Warning: Crunchy Math Ahead!A bunch of steps are in the end notes Complicated Involves some unfamiliar manipulations Getting there is hard, but the end result is fairly easy to grasp$YA LModal AnalysisEnd result: Zi is the ith row of our final matrix c1 and c2 are complex constants and w is the complex frequency: The absolute value of the imaginary part of w is the frequency(rads/s) of the mode. The real part is the rate of decay.   $KL>6 PModal AnalysisAll modes for an object can be processed offline and stored in a lookup table When a forces is applied, look up the modes and their comparative strength Modes can simply be added to obtain the final displacement of a particle in the system 5Dynamic Sound GenerationJ[Some magic happens here] No& really!Dynamic Sound Generation   Interesting side effect of deformation Modes look a lot like wavelets (because they are) Combined modes are basically a complex wave The same modes can be expressed as a sound wave and sent to the audio renderer (in real time) This is very cool!  Dynamic Sound   3Examples: Metal Bowl Wood Bowl Falling Bunny Bodies4 4 0  0 03(SummaryEverything comes down to particles There s way too many refinements to soft body dynamics to list here Initial math for modal analysis is complex, but application is simple Lot s of offline processingH References   Boxerman, Eddy and Ascher, Uri, Decomposing Cloth, Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation (2004) Eberly, David, Game Physics, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003. Jakobsen, Thomas, Advanced Character Physics, Gamasutra Game Physics Resource Guide Mathews, John H. and Fink, Kurtis K., Numerical Methods Using Matlab, 4th Edition, Prentice-Hall 2004 J. F. O'Brien, C. Shen, and C. M. Gatchalian,  Synthesizing Sounds from Rigid-Body Simulations , ACM SIGGRAPH Symp. Computer Animation, July 21-22, 2002. Pentland, A., and Williams, J. Good vibrations: Modal dynamics for graphics and animation. In SIGGRAPH 1989jZ R +O%";""d            5            &     9        "   A'    d  ) ReferencesShewchuk, Jonathan Richard, An Introduction to the Conjugate Gradient Method Without the Agonizing Pain, August 1994. http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~jrs/jrspapers.html Tohru Miyazaki, Toyohisa Kaneko, and Shigeru Kuriyama  Virtual Destruction of a 3D Object with a Stick , WSCG 2005 - Conference proceedings Witken, Andrew, David Baraff, Michael Kass, SIGGRAPH Course Notes, Physically Based Modeling, SIGGRAPH 2002. Yu, David, The Physics That Brought Cel Damage to Life: A Case Study, GDC 2002 lK ^9l  o                            X           g    *   0w Q"End Notes Modal Analysis in DetailMost of this comes from [O Brien  02] and [Pentland  89] Recall: Using Raleigh Dampening, C can be expressed as a linear combination of the mass and stiffness matrices given some constants a1 and a2 9*"#"cb"cj"cj",+     R"End Notes Modal Analysis in DetailSubstituting C: Given that M is symmetric and positive definite, there is a Cholesky factorization such that define a new variable pre-multiply above equation by L-1 , and express M in terms of y  "c"c""c*"c """OS"End Notes Modal Analysis in DetailDecompose matrix such that V = orthogonal matrix, columns are eigenvectors of L = the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues. 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TjJ?}:2 " TjJ? } :T   ## T 2  $# 4 ~B % NDo?vv~B & NDo?ss~B ' NDo?'s~B ( NDo? 2 ~B ) NDo?  2 ~B * NDo?  2 ~B + NDo? k 2 ~B , NDo?n Q 2 ~B - NDo?T 62 ~B . NDo?:p2 / TjJ?}:2 0 TjJ? } :F  1 VT   2# T 2  3# 4 ~B 4 NDo?vv~B 5 NDo?ss~B 6 NDo?'s~B 7 NDo? 2 ~B 8 NDo?  2 ~B 9 NDo?  2 ~B : NDo? k 2 ~B ; NDo?n Q 2 ~B < NDo?T 62 ~B = NDo?:p2 > TjJ?}:2 ? TjJ? } :T   @# T 2  A# 4 ~B B NDo?vv~B C NDo?ss~B D NDo?'s~B E NDo? 2 ~B F NDo?  2 ~B G NDo?  2 ~B H NDo? k 2 ~B I NDo?n Q 2 ~B J NDo?T 62 ~B K NDo?:p2 L TjJ?}:2 M TjJ? } :T   N# T 2  O# 4 ~B P NDo?vv~B Q NDo?ss~B R NDo?'s~B S NDo? 2 ~B T NDo?  2 ~B U NDo?  2 ~B V NDo? k 2 ~B W NDo?n Q 2 ~B X NDo?T 62 ~B Y NDo?:p2 Z TjJ?}:2 [ TjJ? } :H  0޽h ? 33  * <(  ~  s *]tpp   ~  s *@^tpp  H  0޽h ? 33  + 0<(  ~  s *htpp   ~  s *ditpp  H  0޽h ? 33J  , P88(  *F r   r6~N aj   j x  H 8c?aj x  H 8c? x  H 8c? `j bN     ~  N 8c?^g~   N 8c?\f bN      _~   N 8c?^g~   N 8c?\f bN      i ~  N 8c?^g~  N 8c?\f bN     ^h ~  N 8c?^g~  N 8c?\f N r2  r2x2  H8c?r2x2  H8c? 2x2  H8c? a 2x2  H8c?u  2x2  H8c?2N r2  rDx2  H8c?r2x2  H8c? 2x2  H8c? a 2x2  H8c?u  2x2  H8c?2N r2  sx2   H8c?r2x2 ! H8c? 2x2 " H8c? a 2x2 # H8c?u  2x2 $ H8c?2N r2 % s 3 x2 & H8c?r2x2 ' H8c? 2x2 ( H8c? a 2x2 ) H8c?u  2x2 * H8c?2N r2 + sG  x2 , H8c?r2x2 - H8c? 2x2 . H8c? a 2x2 / H8c?u  2x2 0 H8c?2~ 1 s *H~tpp   ~ 2 s *t>nn   3 s *A ??x d 4 s *A ??x d 5 s *A ?? x d 6 s *A ??,x d 7 s *A ?? x dA 8 s *A ??9zz x dH  0޽h ? 33  - ~p(  ~  s *tpp   ~  s *tpp    s *A  ??T x  d'H  0޽h ? 33  . R(  ~  s *tpp     s *tpp  "p`PpH  0޽h ? 33  [ 6(  ~  s *tpp   ~  s *t4pp  F Dl  DB  ZDԔ?((x2  H8c?Slx2  H8c?DlF   }Tr2   B8c?P   s *A ??6x dF +e   p Fr2   B8c?e   s *A ??+x d  c $A ?? Gx d  s *A ??'pr x dAHH  0޽h ? 33   \   N (  ~  s *Htpp   ~  s *t4pp  F Dl  D!B  ZDԔ?((x2  H8c?Slx2  H8c?DlB  ND8c?,$D 0B  @ ND8c?D,$D  0F    !r2   B8c?P   s *A ??6x dF +e   r+e!r2  B8c?e  s *A ??+x d  c $A ?? Ix d  s *A ??n  x d  s *A ??v B % x d  s *A ??)pt x dAHH  0޽h ? 33   ]   N (  ~  s *tpp   ~  s *|t4pp  F Dl  D!B  ZDԔ?((x2  H8c?Slx2  H8c?DlB  ND8c?,$D 0B  @ ND8c?D,$D  0F    S!r2   B8c?P   s *A ??6x dF +e   r F!r2  B8c?e  s *A ??+x d  c $A ?? Ix d  s *A ??n  x d  s *A ??v B % x d  s *A ??)pt x dAHH  0޽h ? 33   ^ Z R  (  ~  s *@tpp   ~  s *t4pp  F Dl  `DB  ZDԔ?((x2  H8c?Slx2  H8c?Dl  c $A ?? x d   s *A ??n  x d   s *A ??v B % x d   s *A! ??#pn x dA F    MTr2   B8c?P  s *A ??6x dF +e  @ Fr2  B8c?e  s *A ??+x dH  0޽h ? 33   _   02 (  ~  s * %tpp  % ~  s * %t4pp % F Dl  `DB  ZDԔ?((x2  H8c?Slx2  H8c?Dlj2  B8c?`X j2   B8c?` uB   ND8c?5,$D 0B  @ ND8c? ,$D  0   c $A ?? x d   s *A ??n  x d  s *A  ??v B % x  d  s *A!  ??#pn x  dA F   F r2  B8c?P  s *A  ??6x  dF +e  :> xr2  B8c?e  s *A  ??+x  dH  0޽h ? 33   `   PN (  ~  s *,"%tpp  % ~  s *%t4pp % F Dl  `DB  ZDԔ?((x2  H8c?Slx2  H8c?DlB  ND8c?5,$D 0B  @ ND8c? ,$D  0   c $A  ?? x  d   s *A ??n  x d   s *A ??v B % x d   s *A! ??#pn x dA F   FSr2  B8c?P  s *A ??6x dF +e  : Dr2  B8c?e  s *A ??+x dH  0޽h ? 33   1 p L(   ~   s *7%tpp  %    c $C%tP % "p`PpH   0޽h ? 33  2 (<(  (~ ( s *tpp  % ~ ( s *tpp  H ( 0޽h ? 33Z/  3  //ff0.(  0F !   0 V [ VN  0 xB 0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?VN  0  !  xB 0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?VN   0  ! xB  0 HD8c?xB  0B HD8c?VN   0  xB  0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?F !   0 V  VN  0 xB 0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?VN  0  !  xB 0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?VN  0  ! xB 0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?VN  0  xB 0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?F !   0 [  VN  0 xB 0 HD8c?xB 0B HD8c?VN   0  !  xB !0 HD8c?xB "0B HD8c?VN  #0  ! xB $0 HD8c?xB %0B HD8c?VN  &0  xB '0 HD8c?xB (0B HD8c?F !   )0 !  VN  *0 xB +0 HD8c?xB ,0B HD8c?VN  -0  !  xB .0 HD8c?xB /0B HD8c?VN  00  ! xB 10 HD8c?xB 20B HD8c?VN  30  xB 40 HD8c?xB 50B HD8c?x 60 c $b%t  % x 70 c $c%tx  % *F r  80 io ~N aj  90 j x :0 H 8c?aj x ;0 H 8c? x <0 H 8c? `j bN   =0  ~ >0 N 8c?^g~ ?0 N 8c?\f bN   @0  _~ A0 N 8c?^g~ B0 N 8c?\f bN   C0  i ~ D0 N 8c?^g~ E0 N 8c?\f bN   F0  ^h ~ G0 N 8c?^g~ H0 N 8c?\f N r2 I0 r2x2 J0 H8c?r2x2 K0 H8c? 2x2 L0 H8c? a 2x2 M0 H8c?u  2x2 N0 H8c?2N r2 O0 rDx2 P0 H8c?r2x2 Q0 H8c? 2x2 R0 H8c? a 2x2 S0 H8c?u  2x2 T0 H8c?2N r2 U0 sx2 V0 H8c?r2x2 W0 H8c? 2x2 X0 H8c? a 2x2 Y0 H8c?u  2x2 Z0 H8c?2N r2 [0 s 3 x2 \0 H8c?r2x2 ]0 H8c? 2x2 ^0 H8c? a 2x2 _0 H8c?u  2x2 `0 H8c?2N r2 a0 sG  x2 b0 H8c?r2x2 c0 H8c? 2x2 d0 H8c? a 2x2 e0 H8c?u  2x2 f0 H8c?2H 0 0޽h ? 33;  4 T;L;<<8:(  8x 8 c $,y%t  % x 8 c $y%tx  % *F r  8 iP~N aj  8 j x 8 H 8c?aj x 8 H 8c? x 8 H 8c? `j bN    8  ~  8 N 8c?^g~  8 N 8c?\f bN    8  _~  8 N 8c?^g~ 8 N 8c?\f bN   8  i ~ 8 N 8c?^g~ 8 N 8c?\f bN   8  ^h ~ 8 N 8c?^g~ 8 N 8c?\f N r2 8 r2x2 8 H8c?r2x2 8 H8c? 2x2 8 H8c? a 2x2 8 H8c?u  2x2 8 H8c?2N r2 8 rDx2 8 H8c?r2x2 8 H8c? 2x2 8 H8c? a 2x2 8 H8c?u  2x2  8 H8c?2N r2 !8 sx2 "8 H8c?r2x2 #8 H8c? 2x2 $8 H8c? a 2x2 %8 H8c?u  2x2 &8 H8c?2N r2 '8 s 3 x2 (8 H8c?r2x2 )8 H8c? 2x2 *8 H8c? a 2x2 +8 H8c?u  2x2 ,8 H8c?2N r2 -8 sG  x2 .8 H8c?r2x2 /8 H8c? 2x2 08 H8c? a 2x2 18 H8c?u  2x2 28 H8c?2 38 c Z0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@   48@ c Z0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@   58 s `0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@  [tD 68 s `0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@  ktT 78@ c Z0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@  w `  88@ c Z0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@    98@ c Z0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@  ? (  :8 s `0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@   t  ;8 s `0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@  + t  <8 s `0e0e    BqCDEF @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||qJhzi@  tH 8 0޽h ? 33  : h<(  h~ h s *d%tpp  % ~ h s * %tpp % H h 0޽h ? 33  ; ~p(  p~ p s *%tpp  % ~ p s *̝%tpp %  p s *A' 8??Hv x 8dH p 0޽h ? 33  < ZR0x(  x~ x s *%tpp  % ~ x s *ԩ%tpp %  x s *A( 9??  x 9d x HIJ%gֳgֳ ?P ng  T  H x 0޽h ? 33  = ~P(  ~  s *`%tpp  % ~  s *%tpp %   s *A) :??T' x :dA  H(gֳgֳ ? p 2(Which is basically what we did a few slides back)3 3H  0޽h ? 33P  > p(  ~  s *%tpp  % x  c $x%tR@o %   s *A* ;??px ;dex  Hh%gֳgֳ ?p fD, -L, -U are subparts of A D = diagonal -L = strictly lower triangular -U = strictly upper triangularhg   H  0޽h ? 33  ? x(  ~  s *%tpp  % x  c $p%tR@o %   s *A+ <??m x <dAiH  0޽h ? 33  F <(  ~  s *%tpp  % ~  s *%tpp % H  0޽h ? 33   <(  ~  s *p-tpp  - ~  s *-tpp - H  0޽h ? 33   $(  r  S -tpp   r  S p-tpp - H  0޽h ? f3f̙3f    | t  (  ~  s *)-tpp  - ~  s *X*-tpp - pB  HD? e W jB  BD? a vB  ND? a - pB  HD? n vB  ND? ( pB   HD? j |2   TjJ?  pB   HD?m  vB   ND?r  $ pB   HD? a r |2  TjJ?R  |2  TjJ? F  pB  HD? i vB  ND?'  vB  ND?. k |2  TjJ? |2  TjJ? J |2  TjJ? I H  0޽h ? 33   0 <(   ~   s *l9-tpp  - ~   s *(:-tpp - H   0޽h ? 33N   P((  (~ ( s *D-tpp  - ~ ( s *E-t<pp - NF 2  ( 4 xB ( HDo?vvxB ( HDo?ssxB ( HDo?'sxB ( HDo? 2 xB  ( HDo?  2 xB  ( HDo?  2 xB  ( HDo? k 2 xB  ( HDo?n Q 2 xB  ( HDo?T 62 xB ( HDo?:pv2 ( NjJ?}:v2 ( NjJ?} :H ( 0޽h ? 33    XPp0(  0~ 0 s *R-tpp  - ~ 0 s *S-t<pp - pB 0 HDo?pB 0 HDo?pB 0 HDo? 9pB 0 HDo? v2 0 NjJ?}b:v2  0 NjJ?}W:pB  0 HDo? 9pB  0 HDo?pB  0 HDo? 9pB  0 HDo? 9pB 0 HDo? 9pB 0 HDo?9H 0 0޽h ? 33f   $ 8(  8~ 8 s *Hg-tpp  - ~ 8 s *h-t<pp - NF 2  8 4 xB 8 HDo?vvxB 8 HDo?ssxB 8 HDo?'sxB 8 HDo? 2 xB  8 HDo?  2 xB  8 HDo?  2 xB  8 HDo? k 2 xB  8 HDo?n Q 2 xB  8 HDo?T 62 xB 8 HDo?:pv2 8 NjJ?}:v2 8 NjJ?} :H 8 0޽h ? 33    XP@(  @~ @ s * z-tpp  - ~ @ s *z-t<pp - pB @ HDo?pB @ HDo?pB @ HDo? 9pB @ HDo? v2 @ NjJ?}b:v2  @ NjJ?}W:pB  @ HDo? 9pB  @ HDo?pB  @ HDo? 9pB  @ HDo? 9pB @ HDo? 9pB @ HDo?9H @ 0޽h ? 33   $  H(  H~ H s *0-tpp  - ~ H s * -t<pp - pB H HDo?(v2 H NjJ?}s:v2 H NjJ?}?:H H 0޽h ? 33    JBP(  P~ P s *h-tpp  - ~ P s *Х-t<pp - pB P HDo?(v2 P NjJ?}s:v2 P NjJ?}?:v2 P NjJ?}z 7 :F   X P  XxB  P HDjJ? 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&՜.+,D՜.+,L    On-screen ShowRed Storm Entertainment== E DIN-Light DIN-Black WingdingsArialTimes New RomanSymbolRecommending A StrategyMicrosoft Equation 3.0&Bending, Breaking and Squishing Stuff Synopsis The BasicsBox ConstraintsBox Constraints (cont)Spring ConstraintsStiff ConstraintsCloth SimulationCloth SimulationCloth SimulationCloth SimulationRelaxation MethodsRelaxation MethodsRelaxation MethodsRelaxation MethodsRelaxation MethodsRelaxation MethodsCloth SimulationMore Cloth SimulationStill More Cloth SimulationStill More Cloth SimulationUsing a Linear System Basic Stuff Basic StuffJacobi IterationJacobi IterationJacobi Iteration"Lots More Math (not covered here)Dynamic DestructionTools For Destruction3D TessellationCreating ConstraintsDynamic DestructionDynamic DestructionDynamic DestructionDynamic DestructionDynamic DestructionDynamic DestructionDynamic DestructionMaterial PropertiesRetessellatingDynamic DestructionDynamic DestructionSquishing StuffModal AnalysisModal AnalysisModal Analysis.Modal Analysis Warning: Crunchy Math Ahead!Modal AnalysisModal AnalysisDynamic Sound GenerationDynamic Sound GenerationDynamic SoundSummary References References#End Notes Modal Analysis in Detail#End Notes Modal Analysis in Detail#End Notes Modal Analysis in Detail#End Notes Modal Analysis in Detail#End Notes Modal Analysis in Detail  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles=L 8@ _PID_HLINKSA$D:\Tutorial208\Bunnies.avi'D:\Tutorial208\xna_demo2_crash_3mb.wmv(D:\Tutorial208\AluminumBowl_640x480.avi&D:\Tutorial208\WoodenBowl_640x480.avi&D:\Tutorial208\BunnyChute_640x480.avi,http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~jrs/jrspapers.html%_3 Jim Van VerthJim Van Verth  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      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